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Agenda 2030

9

Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

Key Targets
  • 1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure to support economic development.
  • 2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and significantly raise industry's share of employment.
  • 3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises to financial services.
  • 4 Upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency.
  • 5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade technological capabilities of industrial sectors.
Key Facts
2.6 billion people in developing countries lack access to reliable electricity.
Manufacturing accounts for 16% of GDP and 14% of employment globally.
Global R&D spending reached $2.4 trillion, but low-income countries invest less than 1% of GDP.
Least developed countries have only 1 researcher per million inhabitants compared to 7,000 in high-income countries.
Global Progress

Digital infrastructure and innovation have expanded faster than almost any other area covered by the SDGs — connecting billions of people who previously had no access. But a massive physical and investment divide between the Global North and South persists, and the technology revolution is widening some gaps even as it closes others.

What We've Accomplished

  • Global internet access grew from 16% in 2005 to 66% in 2023, connecting an additional 3 billion people.
  • Mobile money services like M-Pesa revolutionised financial access for tens of millions across Africa.
  • Global R&D spending grew from $1.1 trillion in 2000 to $2.4 trillion in 2021.
  • Many developing countries leapfrogged fixed-line infrastructure by deploying 4G and 5G networks directly.
  • South Korea became the world's first country to deploy a nationwide 5G network in 2019.

2030 Outlook

At Risk

A $15 trillion infrastructure investment gap persists in developing countries. Manufacturing value-added in least developed countries has barely grown as a share of GDP. While digital connectivity expands rapidly, the quality of physical infrastructure — roads, ports, power grids — remains severely inadequate across much of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Only 1 in 4 people in sub-Saharan Africa has a reliable internet connection.

Leading Nations

South Korea Highest R&D spending as % of GDP; leads globally in 5G deployment, semiconductors, and green technology.
Germany Global leader in industrial automation, precision engineering, and the Industry 4.0 model.
Japan World's second-largest R&D spender; leads in robotics, electronics, and transportation innovation.
Sweden Top global innovation economy; birthplace of Ericsson, Spotify, and Klarna; strong startup ecosystem.
United States Largest overall R&D investment globally; home to the world's leading technology and innovation ecosystem.